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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. Ersus. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that seas include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific information. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed kinds to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal local fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which indicate procedures for implementation with the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended simply by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing routines and coastal and maritime development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal businesses work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally been able commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or balance out those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of angling gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely influence EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Habitat areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high concern areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet for least one of the following four criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
incorporate a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not banish activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated intended for the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is usually designated as critical at the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and marine community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the research showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teen brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft bottom level in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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